# Profit margin

Profit margin is the percentage of a company’s revenue left as profit after specified expenses; the expenses included determine whether the measure is gross, operating, or net margin.

## What it means

A margin puts a company’s profit in proportion to its sales. It shows how much of each US$1 of revenue remains after a particular set of expenses. Unless otherwise specified, “profit margin” often means **net profit margin**, but the label alone can be ambiguous.

The three common measures answer different questions:

- **Gross margin** subtracts the cost of goods sold from revenue. It does not capture all the costs of running the business.
- **Operating margin** subtracts operating expenses as well, using operating income as the numerator.
- **Net profit margin** uses net income after the expenses, interest, and taxes reflected in the company’s accounts.

Margins are accounting measures for a stated period, not returns an investor earns on a stock. A 12% net margin does not mean shareholders receive a 12% return.

## How it is calculated

`Profit margin (%) = (profit measure ÷ revenue) × 100`

- **Profit measure** is the reported amount of profit, in currency units, for the period. Use gross profit for gross margin, operating income for operating margin, or net income for net profit margin.
- **Revenue** is sales, in the same currency and for the same period as the profit measure.
- **100** converts the ratio to a percentage. For example, 0.12 becomes 12%.

Revenue must be above zero for an interpretable margin under this formula. A negative profit measure produces a negative margin. Check the company’s definitions: a margin based on an adjusted profit measure may differ from one based on reported profit.

## Worked example

Suppose a hypothetical company reports these figures for one year, all in US$ millions:

| Item | Amount |
| --- | ---: |
| Revenue | 100 |
| Cost of goods sold | 60 |
| Operating expenses | 20 |
| Interest and taxes | 8 |

1. **Gross profit:** US$100 million − US$60 million = US$40 million. Gross margin = 40 ÷ 100 × 100 = **40%**.
2. **Operating income:** US$40 million − US$20 million = US$20 million. Operating margin = 20 ÷ 100 × 100 = **20%**.
3. **Net income:** US$20 million − US$8 million = US$12 million. Net profit margin = 12 ÷ 100 × 100 = **12%**.

In this simplified example, the company retains US$0.12 in net income for each US$1 of revenue. The three percentages differ because each includes a different set of costs.

## Why it matters before you trade

Profit margin helps put an earnings figure in context. Comparing the same type of margin across several periods can show whether reported profitability is changing relative to sales. Comparisons between companies require more care: business models, accounting policies, and the mix of products or services can differ.

A margin is only one part of a pre-trade check. It does not tell you what a stock is worth, whether earnings turn into cash, how much debt a company carries, or what it may cost to execute an order. A high margin does not by itself mean a stock is attractively valued; a low margin does not by itself settle the opposite question.

## How PreTrAIde uses it

The stated PreTrAIde product facts do **not** identify profit margin as a calculated input, quant score, or verdict rule. Its pre-trade analysis instead assesses a user-built stock basket before an order is placed, using stated inputs such as market data, recent news, and analyst ratings. Its quantitative layer estimates execution-related measures including spread, market impact, liquidity, and volatility.

Profit margin can be considered separately when examining a company’s fundamentals. PreTrAIde’s GO, NO-GO, and MODIFY verdicts are decision support, not recommendations, and should not be read as a calculation of the company’s profit margin.

## Common mistakes

- **Mixing margin types:** A 40% gross margin and a 12% net margin can describe the same period without contradiction.
- **Comparing mismatched periods:** Use profit and revenue from the same reporting period; distinguish a quarter from a full year.
- **Treating margin as a stock return:** Company profitability and an investor’s gain or loss are different quantities.
- **Ignoring one-off items:** Unusual gains or charges can change a reported net margin; inspect what drove the numerator.
- **Confusing margin with markup:** Margin divides profit by revenue, while markup divides it by cost.

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Source: https://pretraide.com/glossary/profit-margin